Differential Reinforcement Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Differential Reinforcement is defined to occur when behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others (Siegel, 2003). With this said, the theory was developed as a way of labeling both positive, as well as negative aspects of individual action. This idea of reinforcement is a branch of the infamous Differential Association theory presented by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939. Another commonly used term for this theory of reinforcement is called differential conditioning (Siegel, 2003). As mentioned, the types of reinforcement are either positive or negative, and operate on the results of specific crimes or random acts. Rewarding behaviors plainly urges such action to be repeated, while punishment often deters those offenders from repeating their same mistakes. Parenting practices, social groups, schools, television, and the community are just a few of the examples that are linked to this theory. According to Ronald Akers (1966), each behavior a person commits is a learned behavior, meaning some type of outside force paved the way to this various knowledge. This theory goes hand in hand with the ideology that he argued in his studies, but focuses on the after effects (or results), rather than prevention or control. This theory does not help support the effectiveness of deterrence, but it does give us a little insight on why people decide to engage in criminal activity. Perhaps the most influential group in shaping someone’s behavior is their peer group. Take for example, gang activity. Street gangs, though usually found in highly urbanized areas, still exist and even thrive throughout most of the United States. It is the safety, security, and power that effects these members with faulty, risky and distant thinking, which usually ends up in some type of negative reinforcement. Guilt is often by association, as well as socialization. Purely, this relationship dominates the theory of crime as a learned b ehavior. No one is born with the general knowledge of how to break the law or to simply be criminal by nature, but through life experiences and perceptions of the events that surround them, the criminal activity is learned. Use the professional art of safe (or vault) cracking, for example. To perform such a trick, one must be taught how to do it. Such information is never provided at birth, or thr... ... strategies to govern the influences these gangs have on crime and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between gangs, youth and WWC/CV (white collar crime/corporate violence), criminologists have their hands full with analyzing the behavior of individuals. When punishments outweigh the benefit of criminal activity, most crimes are never actually committed. But if the threat of punishment is too weak, or ineffective then proper action is usually avoided and a crime gets committed. Criminologists search for a way to make connections by associating these theories with new cases reported each year. One problem is the discretion of police and the lack of crimes actually reported to police. Regardless, it is very easy to see the truth behind these concepts. For example, thieves that are safecrackers must have been taught to be able to do that trade. However, with the available data and records criminologists do have, there is tons of drawn out information supporting this theory of DR. Without doubt, differential reinforcement is a two-way street with human activity. One will always affect the other and it is up to the individual to reach for the positive, instead of the negative.

What is Big Data?

It's a platform managed under the Apache Software Foundation, and it's an open source, and it's deal with big data and give the result in very short time . â€Å"It allows to work with structured and unstructured data arrays of dimension from 10 to 100 Gb and even more†[ (V.Burunova)] And its structer is a group of clusters or one , each of them contains groups of nodes too and each cluster has two type of node name node and data node name node is a unique node on cluster and it knows any data block location on cluster and Data node is the remining node in cluster . and that have done by using a set of servers which called a cluster. Hadoop has two layers cooperate together , first layer is MapReduce and it task is divided data processing across multiple servers and the second one is Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and its task is storing data on multiple clusters and these data are separated as a set of blocks. Hadoop make sure the work is correct on clusters and it can detect and retrieve any error or failure for one or more of connecting nodes and by this way Hadoop efforts increasing in core processing and storage size and high availability. â€Å"Hadoop is usually used in a large cluster or a public cloud service such as Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, and Amazon† [ (Hadeer Mahmoud, 2018)]. Hadoop's Features:Scalable:Hadoop able to work with huge applications and it can run ,analyze, store, process, distribute large amount of data across thousands of nodes and servers which handle thousands terabytes of data or more, also it can add additional nodes to clusters And these servers work parallel. Hadoop better than traditional relational database systems because (RDBMS) can't expand to deal with huge data..Single write Multiple read :The data on cluster can be read from multiple source at the same time .Data avalibility:when data is sent to a Data node, that Hadoop creates multiple copies of data on other nodes in the cluster, to keep data available if there a failure on one of nodes on cluster.

The Industrial Revolution And The War Of 1812 - 1461 Words

The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution, which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also led to great improvements of the economy and society. The Industrial Revolution first began in North America. This location was very important for the sparking of the revolution because the railroad, which was one of the causes of industrialization, was built here. The Historical Catalysts of Industrial Revolution: The Embargo Act and the War of 1812: In the early 1800s, the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France challenged the neutrality of the United States. Britain and France created trade restrictions which was not only peaking others’ economies but also disrupting American trade. Therefore, President Thomas Jefferson decided to announce the Embargo Act of 1807, which supported Americans producing their own goods because it banned the trade of foreign goods. Not long after the Embargo Act, the War of 1812 changed the Americans’ thoughts about industrialization. During the War of 1812, Americans wanted Britain to draw their soldiers out of the United States and stop supplying guns and ammunitions because Britain lacked respect for Americans. When theShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Industrial Revolution And The War Of 18121577 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction of Industrial Revolution in United States: The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also was the great developmentRead MoreA Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The War Of 18121859 Words   |  8 PagesThese are just a few of the hardships of living in the Industrial Revolution. But the Industrial Revolution wasn’t all bad. It created so many new jobs, not only for men, but for women and children as well. It was a time of immense change in the way goods were made and transported. The Industrial Revolution was greatly impacted by the economic changes, women and children’s roles, and the movement of people and goods. During the War of 1812, the British had a blockade, which cut off Americans fromRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 1812 took place between the Americans and Great Britain because of the impressment of Americans sailors by the British and the passing of the Embargo Act by Congress and President Thomas Jefferson. The British navy would impress sailors from American ships and force the American sailors to board the British ships and to join the British navy. The second reason that the War of 1812 occurred was because of the Embargo Act of 1807. This act was passed by Congress and Jefferson and it stoppedRead MoreIntroduction Of The American Industrial Revolution1467 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction of the American Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution, which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also led to great improvements ofRead MoreIndustrialization Of America703 Words   |  3 Pagesthings you need in life, right here in America. The Embargo Act did have a huge influence of the industrialization of the United States, but the War of 1812 also had a great impact of the new way of life. The War of 1812 was more than likely the greatest impact of the Industrialization of the US. The war of 1812 was cause by trouble with Native Americans, War Hawks, impressment, and most of all was that foreign nations didn’t respect America. The Native Americans were angry at the US because theyRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Way War1703 Words   |  7 PagesJames Moore Mr. Brown Academy English 9 Honors 18 March 2015 After every battle of every war, troops are getting stronger, faster, and more accurate. Generals are getting smarter and creating more tactics and coming up with more battle strategies, but during all of this, the most drastic change is in the technology. Things are now becoming more computerized every day and it is very noticeable. Nowadays, everywhere you look no matter where at, a person with a smartphone, tablet, or computer willRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Cotton Gin By Eli Whitney1586 Words   |  7 Pagesterritories where they worked the cotton fields. Napoleon and Jefferson’s Louisiana purchase was in correlation with Napoleon’s interest more concerned with European war and economics rather than western states. Toussaint Louverture’s successful Haitian Revolution was one of the factors in Napoleon’s decision. The Haitian Revolution started as the free mixed race citizens rebelled and then slaves seized their opportunity to revolt. This instil led fear in Americans and a growing concern that AmericanRead MoreThe War Of The Revolutionary War1038 Words   |  5 Pagesat Yorktown, the revolutionary war was over, and the United States began the arduous task of rebuilding an economy held back by colonialism and destroyed by war. From the 1780s up until the 1810s, the economy was slowly growing and diversifying, the War of 1812 halted much of those advanced. The war ruined the United States economy once again, but it allowed it to grow and develop to new heights and become stronger than before the war. After the revolutionary war, the United States began the arduousRead MoreThe Philosophy of the American Settlers Westward Expansion Leads to Expulsion of the Native Americans1197 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle Young America, â€Å"†¦a philosophy that led to the expulsion of Native Americans from lands east of the of the Mississippi.† Conflicts with the Indians about land and territorial boundaries arose quickly. New technologies coming from the Industrial Revolution in Europe spurred the American economy and augmented the number of manufacturing plants in the United States. It increased agricultural production efficiency, turning the United States into one of the major players in the world economy. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Andrew Jackson And Henry Clay853 Words   |  4 PagesRepresentatives and moved to the U.S. Senate the following year. Jackson dabbled in land speculation and owned a cotton plantation with slaves. Jackson became the major general of Tennessee and fought in the War of 1812 and eventually gained command of all the U.S. troops in the Southwest. His success in the War of 1812 had won him a great reputation on which he built his later political career. Jackson would eventually become the 7th president of the United States in 1829. Henry Clay came from a similar background