Containment Cold War and George C. Marshall Essay

1. Explain the US policy of containment abroad. What were the economic, military, and political strategies of enforcing containment? Identify at least three specific programs or institutions in your response. * First laid out by George F. Kennan in 1947, Containment stated that communism needed to be contained and isolated, or it would spread to neighboring countries. This spread would allow the Domino Theory to take hold, meaning that if one country fell to communism, then each surrounding country would fall * Kennan sent a 8000 telegram to the U.s (long telegram) he told insight on soviets and there ruthless expansion. He said that â€Å"firm and vigilant containment† could stop them. This is the idea that started Containment†¦show more content†¦Marshall proposed the extension of massive economic assistance to the devastated nations of Europe, saying that the policy of the United States was not directed â€Å"against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the existence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.† * Marshal plan- June of 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed a joint economic recovery program between the U.S. and its Western European allies. If the Europeans agreed to the plan, the U.S. would offer significant financial support * What the Marshall left unsaid was that while the U.S. plan would be open to the Soviet Union and its satellites in Eastern Europe, it emphasized the free market economy as the best path to economic reconstruction—and the best defense against communism in Western Europe. * Congress responded by enacting marshals proposal –Marshal plan * Marshal plan- investment of about $13 billion in Europe during the next few years resulted in the extraordinarily rapid and durable reconstruction of a democratic Western Europe Political -Iron Curtain- the dividing line between the communist countries of eastern Europe (Winston Churchill called it Iron curtain) * The Berlin Blockade wasShow MoreRelatedFranklin D. Roosevelt and Score1029 Words   |  5 PagesFeedback | A. | from Franklin D. 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Sql Injection Is A Web Application Security Vulnerability

Background of SQL Injection SQL Injection is a web application security vulnerability that an attacker can submit a database SQL command which is executed by web applications in order to expose the back-end database. SQL injection have been described as one of the most critical threats for Web applications as they are vulnerable to allow an attacker to gain complete access to the underlying database as well as organizations being breached by SQL injection attacks that slip through the firewall over ports such as port 80 (HTTP) or 443 (SSL) to internal networks and vulnerable databases. These databases often contain sensitive user information which can result in security violations such as loss of confidential information, identify theft†¦show more content†¦SQL Injection Process The SQL Injection attack works as the attacker adds SQL statements using a web application’s input fields and hidden parameters in order to access the resources. The lack of input validation in web applications which causes the hacker to successfully expose the database. The figure below shows processes of SQL Injection. First, the attacker sends malicious HTTP request to the web application, and creates the SQL statement which is then submitted to the back-end of database. Cause of SQL Injection The causes of SQL Injection vulnerabilities are rather well understood and simple, such as invalidated input. It is the most common vulnerability to perform a SQL Injection attack because some parameters in web applications are used in SQL queries, so if there is no one checking for them, it can be abused in SQL Injection. In this case, the attackers are able to inject SQL commands by providing suitable crafted user inputs. Besides that, web applications can also read user inputs in a way that it is based on the environment which the application is deployed. Most SQL Injection attacks that targets the user input usually comes from form submissions which are sent by HTTP POST or GET requests to the web application. Another injection mechanism which can lead to the cause of SQL Injection is through cookies. Cookies are small pieces of data that sent from

Business Ethics Analysis Free Essays

As permitted by Vietnamese law and labor regulations, Vietnamese subcontractors are permitted to employ hillier between the ages of 15 and 18 within their factories. This fact has infuriated children’s rights activists in the united States (U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) who feel that Nikkei is exploiting children in Vietnam to increase revenue. These activists protest the employment of children under the age of 18, and argue that children would have an opportunity to attend school and further their education if they are not forced to work. An opposing view of this argument is that children who accept employment within Vietnamese factories are doing so out of their own free will and feel fortunate o be earning an income to help contribute to the welfare of their family. Furthermore, secondary education in Vietnam Is not free as In the U. S. ; therefore, children who accept employment are most likely In a financial deficit and would likely not be able to afford to get a secondary education even If they had the time to attend. Utilitarian model philosophy suggests that you should act in a way that generates the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people. Applying the utilitarian model to each of the prominent stakeholders from above gives a clear depiction of the pros and cons for both alternatives. A. Alternative #1: Continue to hire/employ underage workers For Alternative #1, in which Nikkei continues to hire and employ underage workers, there are more quantifiable positive outcomes than negative. Positive outcomes include increased income for Vietnamese workers and their families and reduced prices of Nikkei brand products, which is beneficial to both consumers and shareholders. There are several negative outcomes from continuing to employ children workers, which include Nikkei Corporation, Nine’s CEO, and U. S. Global images remaining under scrutiny. Additionally, and most importantly, choosing to continue employing children in factories will likely to cause a consumer backlash, reducing overall product sales. Alternative #1 : Continue to hire/employ underage workers Increased income for children’s families Nine’s public image suffers * Reduced prices for consumers U. S. Global image remains tarnished * Increased shareholder earnings* Reduced sales / consumer backlash *Increased revenue for Nikkei Increased scrutiny for CEO b. Alternative #2: Ban underage employment Applying the utilitarian model to Alternative #2, banning underage employment in Nine’s factories, produces a negative quantifiable outcome. If Nikkei announced that it would no longer hire children, the corporation’s public image, as well as the image of the U. S. N general, would improve, and Nikkei is likely to increase and expand its and increased consumer product costs) outweigh the positives for Alternative #2. Alternative #2: Ban underage employment Nine’s public image improves * Increased poverty in Vietnam U. S. Global image improves * Costs of products increases Customer base expands Vietnamese children subjected to more harsh work environments Alternative favored: The Utilitarian Model, as displayed in the balance sheets above, favors Alternative #1, which is that Nikkei should continue to hire and employ underage workers. . Golden Rule Model The Golden Rule Model reflects the alternative that each of the key stakeholders would choose if given the choice: Key Stakeholder Alternative #1 Alternative #2 Employed/eligible Vietnamese children Yes No Families of employed/eligible Vietnamese children Yes Nikkei Corporation Yes No Other outsourced companies Yes No Consumers Yes No Nikkei CEO yes NO No Alternative favored: Alternati ve #1 is the clear choice for all of the key stakeholders using the Golden Rule Model. 3. Kantian Model a. Children in Vietnam are often depended upon in their society to go to work and ran an income in order to provide food and shelter for themselves and their families; therefore, they would argue for their right to do so by choosing Alternative b. Nikkei Corporation and other multinational companies are entitled to run their in which they operate. Nikkei would prefer Alternative #1 . C. Children’s rights activists would argue that these child workers have the right to education, and that are prevented from doing so by being â€Å"forced† to work. These advocates for the Vietnamese children would be in favor of Alternative #2, banning all child labor in Nikkei factories. Alternative favored: The Kantian Model illustrates three significant societal values or rights that would be affected, with the majority in favor of Alternative #1 . 4. Enlightened Self-Interest Model Nikkei Corporation would view Alternative #1 , continuing to employ children in their overseas factories, as the most economically beneficial option. This alternative will reduce prices for consumers, increase shareholder earnings, and increase revenue for Nikkei. These benefits exceed the risks associated with Alternative #1, which mostly involves tarnished images of Nikkei and its CEO. Alternative favored: Since the benefits to the decision maker (Nikkei) outweigh the harm caused to all other stakeholders, the Enlightened Self-Interest Model favors Alternative #1 . Moral Models – Best Fit The Utilitarian and Golden Rule Models are the most effective in determining which alternative is the best choice: Utilitarian Model: Alternative #1 has three (3) quantifiable pros vs.. Only one (1) con, whereas Alternative #2 zero (O) quantifiable pros as opposed to one (1) con. Golden Rule Model: All six (6) of the key stakeholders in this decision would benefit from Alternative #1 . Moral Models – Not a Good Fit Whereas the Utilitarian Golden Rule Models clearly demonstrate that Alternative #1 is the best choice for all key stakeholders, the Kantian and Enlightened Self-Interest Models are not as convincing because they reflect the views of only a small portion of all stakeholders: Kantian Model: Alternative #1 positively affects two (2) out of three (3) social values or rights, whereas Alternative #2 only positively affects one (1). Comparisons within such a small sample size are not as convincing as the Utilitarian and Golden Rule Models. Enlightened Self-Interest Model: Although the most prominent stakeholder, Nikkei, would be positively affected by Alternative #1 , and said benefit outweighs any harm caused to all other stakeholders by choosing this alternative, the model advocates for the benefit of a single entity. The Utilitarian and Golden Rule Models take into consider a larger portion of all stakeholders who would be affected by this decision. Nikkei has been employing children in overseas factories for decades, during which time it has enduring many years of ridicule and criticism for doing so. Nikkei should try to improve its image to the public by taking the initiative to educate opponents of child labor with regard to the cultural differences between third-world countries and the U. S. They should specifically address the issue that it is not only the norm for children in those locations to work, but also that it is often a crucial for their survival. Additionally, Nikkei should enlighten critics about the educational norms of these children, emphasizing that most children over the age of 1 5 are not able to attend school because it is extremely costly and not enforced. How to cite Business Ethics Analysis, Papers

Traditional Forest Related Knowledge

Question: Discuss about the Traditional Forest Related Knowledge. Answer: Introduction: The Indian subcontinent is regarded as the great landmass of the South Asia. It is known as the home of the single most worlds ancient civilization and foremost influential. This subcontinent is usually regarded as India for historical purposes. It comprises of the area the present-day Republic of India and republic of Pakistan having been portioned from the India in the year 1947 as well as Bangladesh that made up the eastern region of Pakistan until 1971s independence. Right from the early period, the Indian subcontinent seemed to have offered attractive habitat for occupation by human. The Himalayas ranges to the north massively protected this subcontinent as well as sheltering it from the Arctic winds as well as air current of the Central Asia. Most of ancient contacts with the outside world occurred via northwest and northeast that were the solely regions easily accessed by land. The extensive alluvial plain of river basins offered environment and emphasized for rise of two significant stages of city life: the civilization of Indus valley called Indus civilization during third millennium BCE, along with during first millennium BCE, which of Ganges. The forest to the south of this zone separates India from peninsula proper. It runs generally from west to east which was inhabited by trial people. The region never formed a focal point of principal regional cultural development of South Asia and it remained thinly populated. The Indian forest offered home to the crores of individuals encompassing several scheduled tribes. These tribes dwelled in or nearby forest areas of India. These tribal communities showed a strong knit relationship with forests and dependent on such forests for existence and livelihood. Such association remained mutually beneficial. The rights of these tribal communities were never acknowledged by the civilization and they remained highly marginalized. They even had no right over the land as they were fully discriminated. Indeed, the forest dwellers were even not regarded or acknowledged as Indians. They struggled with modernity and civilization in a losing battle for the preservation of their identity. They were viewed as those cohort of families that had a shared tradition of shared descent, language and culture residing as close-knit community and held no private property. They were tainted by racist ethology that viewed them as primitive, barbarous groups and belonged to inferior races. All sorts of stereotyping was used when defining these forest dwellers coupled animism. This derogatory phrase was used during the early civilization to sideline the tribal religions. To date, this notion has stayed that such people are marginal to the mainstream society. The above notion of mainstream verses marginal duality marred the ancient Indian society. The system of caste advanced it individual classification, but the tribal remained unrecognized as sharply distinct from mainstream society. They were referred mainly as forest dwellers or the mountain dwellers but not tribe. As a result of the race-obsessed colonial ethnology, they coined Adivasi thereby labelling each Indian community as either Aryan or non-Aryan. However, India had no notion of original inhabitant that colonial powers had. Sociologist have helped that the notion of civilizers to regard certain tribe or the others as native owner of soil was utterly unscientific. Civilization coded the notion of how the Mahabharata list three-hundred and sixty three communities (jatis or janas) crossways the map based on the political, ecological or geographical terms some of whom have stayed recognizable as tribes like Mundas and Kokuratas. This notion is currently being decoded. The Epic never seemed to distinguish between tribe and caste with an exemption that the janas happed to reside in forests or mountains. There is however, barely evidence to showcase that in the shared consciousness of India, there is any distinction between the 2 sets of Janas. The janas list increases to about seven-hundred if all ancient literature is included. The forest tribes live in individual territory and were copious, valiant, fight in daylight as well as with the capability to seize along with ruin nations hence a notion of being behaving like kings. The atavika was coined to refer to tribe which is the forest dweller. The feared conquering impulse which paints a reflection of a historical fact that several tribes took to warfare, enlarged their territories as well as converted into as many Kshatriya clans. The mainstream Indias perception of her tribes stays blinkered by the colonial strategy, upon which missionary agenda rode piggyback, searching to detach substantial masses of non-Aryans. State Formation Process The ancient-formation in maritime Southeast Asia were Malaccra Straits alongside southern sea of Java shore. These were hub of wealth accumulation alongside trading activities along with shared various basic political concepts. Developments politically took place in the area owing to the reaction provided by the coastal communities to similar outside economic stimuli. The rising wealth in such 2 sub-regions was highly concentrated in hands of politically powerful elite that exerted control over prestige-good economies. The contacts with additional regions led to advancement I metallurgical techniques along with improved resource-base of the area for trade. The enlargement of economic bases of various trading communities together with escalated exposure to additional advanced political cultures. Culminated to the formation of a sequence, first of chiefdoms, and subsequently of nascent states, on appropriate coasts of peninsula as well as wester islands. The same case with Funan, that emerged on account of advanced traded along with port facilities due to the strategic location as well as backing by the agrarian base. Some have argued that it is rational to consider Funan as the 1st Southeast Asian state since it remained an economic hub, with the economic foundation which backed additionally sophisticated level of political integration while acting as locus of contact amid several regional alongside local marketing networks. Effects of State Formation Process on Tribe Cast Dynamics Relationship The pre-existing native cultural as well as ethnic diversity remained synthesized with the outside ideology to establish a novel systematic higher order cultural foundation. This is recorded in the rising utilization of Sanskrit in Funan, utilization of Indian vocabulary as well as technical knowledge. The Southeast Asian states borrowed primarily from vaster Indian religious traditions. This was in a manner which suggest that a self-conscious balancing of ideas thought to be useful for the upholding power in economies at once mercantile and agrarian. The habits in consumption shifted following Indian export thereby stimulating innovations in production locally. The cultural and religious influence was limited to rulers and elite sections of society hence never penetrated local levels. Therefore, economic competition as well as mutual impact instead of coerced contribution marred the relations between India and Southeast Asia thereby countering Indianization or colonization theory. Bibliography Avari, Burjor. India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200. Routledge, 2016. Ramakrishnan, P. S., K. S. Rao, U. M. Chandrashekara, N. Chhetri, H. K. Gupta, S. Patnaik, K. G. Saxena, and E. Sharma. "South Asia." In Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge, pp. 315-356. Springer Netherlands, 2012. Scott, James C. The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 2014. Thapar, Romila. The Penguin history of early India: from the origins to AD 1300. Penguin UK, 2015.